Simplified: SBTi for Fashion Brands and Suppliers

The Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi) is currently the leading and most recognized climate target-setting protocol for the fashion industry. Increasingly, companies are using the SBTi as their north star for carbon reduction goals.

For many apparel and footwear brands, committing to SBTi isn’t just a choice – it’s an expectation. Investors increasingly demand 1.5°C-aligned targets, suppliers are asked by global brands to validate their commitments, and industry groups such as Cascale and the European Outdoor Group have made SBTi a requirement for membership.

But the momentum isn’t only driven by compliance. Many companies in our industry are setting targets because climate responsibility is part of their DNA, and SBTi provides a tangible, science-based framework to transform ambition into data-backed decarbonization pathways.

Yet while the motivation is clear, the path is rarely simple. Every fashion brand struggles with the same core questions – which target type should we choose, when to re-baseline, what is in the SBTi submission portal, etc. 

In this article, we’ll unpack what textile brands need to know before, during, and after committing to SBTi. Are you new to SBTi terminology? Find core terms in the SBTi glossary here.

Let’s dive in! 

What is the Science-Based Targets Initiative?

The Science Based Targets initiative itself is an independent, non-profit partnership between CDP, the UN Global Compact, WRI, and WWF. Its framework has become the global standard for validating that company climate targets are in line with the 1.5°C pathway of the Paris Agreement. 

Overview: SBTi Process and Timeline

Once a clothing brand decides to align with the Science Based Targets initiative, the first step is to register through the SBTi Validation Portal. The registration collects information such as company size, structure, and business activities to determine the appropriate validation route.

The target-setting process consists of four main stages:

1. Commit to setting targets: Companies can submit a commitment letter through the SBTi portal, signaling their intention to set a science-based target. After committing, they have up to 24 months (max) to develop and submit their targets for validation.

2. Set a baseline and develop targets: Using the SBTi Target Setting Tool, companies define their baseline year, target year, and reduction pathway.

3. Submit targets for validation: The developed targets are submitted through the SBTi Services Portal. The review process usually takes between 30 and 60 working days, resulting in a validation report and decision letter.

4. Communicate and disclose targets: Once validated, the company must publicly disclose its approved targets on the SBTi website within six months.

GHG Accounting – First Step Toward Science-Based Targets

Carbon accounting is the process of tracking and measuring the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by a fashion company. It is the first step in setting SBTi targets. Without an accurate baseline, it is impossible to define meaningful reduction goals or implement effective mitigation strategies.

SBTi Requirements for Apparel and Footwear

SBTi requires apparel and footwear companies to build a GHG inventory that is compliant with the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard. This inventory must include:

• Scope 1 (direct emissions): emissions from sources owned or controlled by the company (e.g., fuel burned in facilities or vehicles).
• Scope 2 (indirect energy emissions): emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heating, or cooling.
• Scope 3 (value chain emissions): all other indirect emissions that occur upstream and downstream, such as raw material production, transportation, product use, and end-of-life.

SBTi Target boundary

SBTi requires that targets cover Scopes 1, 2, and 3 within a fashion brand’s chosen boundary. The boundary defines which operations and emissions are included in the inventory. For Scopes 1 and 2, at least 95% of emissions must be included. For Scope 3, targets must cover at least 67% of total Scope 3 emissions.

Choosing a platform for Carbon Accounting? Read this guide about Carbon Accounting for apparel and footwear brands.

Setting Baseline Emissions for Apparel and Footwear 

A baseline year is the starting point against which a fashion company measures its greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. It represents the company’s emissions in a chosen reference year. It could either be a fiscal or calendar year. By comparing future emissions to this baseline, companies can track whether they are reducing their footprint in line with SBTi requirements.

It is recommended to choose a baseline year as recent as possible (e.g., 2023 or 2024) to reflect accurate data and current operations. It is recommended that the baseline year be no more than two years before the target submission date (cannot be earlier than 2015). Using older years (such as 2019) often relies on more generic emission factors, which can underestimate the footprint, weaken the credibility of the target, and lead to target rejection.

Another recommendation is to select the same base year for all the targets that you will set on scopes 1, 2, and 3 to ensure consistency in reporting.

Emission Pathways for Science-Based Targets

Future emission pathways are profile scenarios of how much greenhouse gas the world will emit over time and at what pace the reduction will happen. 

If global CO2 emissions keep rising, we are heading toward very high warming scenarios of 3–5°C by the end of the century. To limit warming to well below 2°C, emissions need to decline sharply, reaching net zero around 2070. To stay within the 1.5°C limit, the most ambitious goal and aligned with the Paris Agreement, emissions must fall even faster — reaching net zero by 2050.

These emission profiles will directly determine the global temperature rise. For example, at 1.5°C, around 14% of species face a high risk of extinction – but at 3°C, that risk doubles to nearly 30%.

Every fraction of a degree matters. Limiting warming closer to 1.5°C drastically reduces human suffering and ecological damage. SBTi targets are designed to align companies with these global pathways.

• For Scope 1 & 2, all companies must set targets consistent with the 1.5°C pathway.
• For Scope 3, targets must be consistent with at least a well-below 2°C pathway, with 1.5°C strongly encouraged and now the industry standard.

Near-term vs Long-term SBTi Targets

In terms of timeline, companies can set two types of science-based targets:

Near-term targets (required): Cover the next 5–10 years to ensure immediate action.

• For Scope 1 and 2, all companies must align with the 1.5°C pathway, meaning emissions should be reduced by about –42% by 2030 vs. 2020 levels (equal to –4.2% per year). Note: This does not mean that 2020 is your baseline year here. 2020 was chosen by the SBTi as the global reference year because it marks the start of the current IPCC climate scenarios used to model 1.5°C and well-below 2°C pathways.
• For Scope 3, companies can choose between two ambition levels: 
  • 1.5°C pathway: –42% by 2030 vs. 2020 levels (encouraged pathway and industry standard)
  • Well-below 2°C pathway (WB2C): Cut emissions by about –25% by 2030 vs. 2020 levels.
• Example: For Near-Term Targets, H&M Group commits to reduce absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions 56% by FY2030 from a FY2019 base year*. H&M Group also commits to increasing annual sourcing of renewable electricity from 90.6% in FY2019 to 100% by FY2030. H&M Group finally commits to reducing absolute scope 3 GHG emissions 56% by FY2030 from a FY2019 base year. *The target boundary includes biogenic land-related emissions and removals from bioenergy feedstocks

Long-term net-zero targets (optional but highly recommended): Must be reached by 2050 at the latest. 

• Long-term targets are aligned with a 1.5°C pathway, with an obligation to reduce emissions by about –90% (from all scopes) before using offsets and removals to tackle the residual emissions and reach net zero.
• In 2024, 30% of SBT-committed footwear and apparel companies have set net-zero targets.
• Example: For Long-Term Targets H&M Group commits to reducing scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 90% by FY2040 from a FY2019 base year. H&M Group also commits to reducing absolute scope 3 GHG emissions 90% within the same timeframe. The target boundary includes biogenic land-related emissions and removals from bioenergy feedstocks.

NOTE: Under the SBTi framework, every textile brand has to set a near-term SBT. Long-term net-zero is optional, but highly recommended, and is becoming an industry standard. 

Scope 1&2: SBTi Target Requirements

For most brands and retailers, Scope 1 and 2 emissions are relatively small compared to Scope 3. For material suppliers and manufacturers, they can be much larger. Still, all companies must set targets for Scopes 1 and 2.

Here are the target requirements for Scope 1 and 2:

• Boundary: The boundary defines how much of the total emissions must be included. For Scopes 1 & 2, 95% of all mandatory emissions from the GHG Protocol guidance should be included. 
• Ambition: Must align with the 1.5°C pathway, equivalent to a –4.2% linear annual reduction in absolute emissions
• All GHGs: Must cover all seven greenhouse gases in the GHG Protocol.
• Bioenergy: Emissions from burning biomass or biofuels must always be reported. If a company claims these are “CO₂ neutral,” it must provide justification (e.g., proof that the biomass is sustainably sourced and regrows to reabsorb the CO₂).
• Validity: Targets already achieved until the day of submission date are not acceptable.

Scope 1&2: SBTi Target Setting Methods

Scope 1 and 2 targets are set differently:

• For Scope 1, only the absolute contraction method is allowed.
• For Scope 2, companies can choose absolute contraction, renewable electricity commitment, or mix both.

Method: Absolute contraction 

This is the preferred and most common approach. Under this method, a company must reduce its total emissions each year by a fixed percentage – known as the Linear Annual Reduction (LAR) – regardless of business growth or decline. If your company’s overall footprint increases (for example, due to higher sales or production volumes), you will need to make larger annual reductions to stay on track with the science-based rate.

Target requirements:

• Minimum –4.2% linear annual reduction (LAR), aligned with the 1.5°C pathway. The reduction is calculated from a 2020 reference year to ensure global consistency:
  • For a 2030 target, emissions must be reduced by –42% compared to the baseline (–4.2% per year over 10 years).
  • For a 2035 target, emissions must be reduced by –63.5% compared to 2020 (–4.2% per year over 15 years).
• The later your baseline year, the steeper the reduction required to reach the same 2030 or 2035 endpoint.

Method: Renewable electricity (Scope 2 only) 

Instead of absolute reductions, a company can commit to sourcing renewable electricity in line with 1.5°C. The renewable electricity target option is only for Scope 2 and can be combined with absolute contraction for Scope 1.

The target requires companies to source at least 80% renewable electricity by 2025 and 100% by 2030.

Mixed method examples

• PVH commits to reduce absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions 70% by FY2030 from a FY2021 base year. PVH also commits to increasing annual sourcing of renewable electricity from 55% in FY2021 to 100% by FY2030.
• Dr. Martens commits to reducing absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions 90% by FY2030 from a FY2020 base year. Dr. Martens also commits to increasing active annual sourcing of renewable electricity from 24% in FY2022 to 100% by FY2026, and to continue sourcing 100% renewable electricity through FY2030.

Scope 3: SBTi Target Requirements

According to the SBTi framework, if Scope 3 emissions account for 40% or more of a company’s total footprint (Scopes 1+2+3), then a Scope 3 target is required. For fashion brands, Scope 3 often represents 90–95% of emissions, mainly from purchased goods and services.

Here are the target requirements:

• Boundary: Cover at least 67% of total scope 3 emissions – this rule ensures companies address the major drivers of their footprint (like purchased goods and transport) while allowing flexibility to exclude smaller categories.
• Ambition: Targets must align with at least a well-below 2°C (–2.5%/year) pathway, with 1.5°C (–4.2%/year) strongly encouraged and now the industry standard.

Scope 3: SBTi Target-setting Methods

Scope 3 targets can be set using one or a combination of the following methods: absolute contraction, physical intensity, economic intensity, or supplier engagement.

No matter which target-setting method you choose for Scope 3 (absolute contraction, intensity, or supplier engagement), the target must cover GHG categories (such as purchased goods, transport, product use, etc.) that represent at least 67% of total Scope 3 emissions. So, hypothetically, if your total Scope 3 footprint is 1,000 tCO₂e, your target must include Scope 3 GHG categories that cover at least 670 tCO₂e (67%). If you then commit to cut those emissions by 50%, your reduction target is 335 tCO₂e.

Apparel and footwear brands can combine different Scope 3 target-setting methods, as long as each method applies to a clearly defined category and together they cover at least 67 % of total Scope 3 emissions. For example, a brand might use absolute contraction for purchased goods and services and a supplier engagement target for upstream transportation or finished goods suppliers.

SBTi Method: Absolute Contraction

Absolute contraction - Reduce total emissions by a fixed percentage each year (regardless of business growth).

• Requirement: Minimum –2.5% linear annual reduction from 2020 (Well Below 2°C pathway). Example: For a 2023 baseline, a company must cut Scope 3 emissions by at least –25% by 2030.
• Example: Lenzing AG commits to reduce absolute scope 3 GHG emissions from purchased goods and services, fuels and energy-related activities, and upstream transport and distribution 25% by 2030 from a 2021 base year. The target boundaries includes land-related emissions and removals from bioenergy feedstocks.

SBTi Method: Physical Intensity

Physical intensity - reduce emissions per physical unit (e.g., per T-shirt, per pair of shoes).

• Requirement: At least –7% compound reduction per year from 2020. 
• Example: Princess Polly commits to reduce scope 3 GHG emissions 52% per unit sold by 2030 from a 2020 base year. The target boundary includes land-related emissions and removals from bioenergy feedstocks.
• Growth disclosure: Physical intensity target should also result to absolute reductions, so if production grows, intensity cuts must be steep enough to offset that growth. 

SBTi Method: Economic Intensity

Economic intensity - reduce emissions per unit of value added (like per € of gross profit).

• Requirement: Emissions per unit of economic value (e.g., tCO₂e per € of gross profit or per € of value added) must fall by at least –7% per year, compounded from 2020.
• Example: TOTEME AB  commits to reduce scope 3 GHG emissions 51.6% per million SEK value added within the same timeframe.
• Note: 1) We consider this method as less robust – economic indicators fluctuate, and are not strongly tied to physical emissions. 2) Two companies with the same emissions per product could look very different when measured “per € of value added”. E.g. Luxury B2C brand selling a handbag for €2,000 generate very high value added per product. B2B supplier spinning yarn for €2/kg generate much lower value added per product. 3) If you decrease the price of the product in the future (meaning a decrease in the added value overall), then you might miss the target even if you decarbonize.

When you submit an intensity target (physical or economic), you must also give SBTi your expected production/output growth for the target period. This ensures that the intensity reduction will also lead to an absolute decrease in total emissions, not just lower emissions per unit.

SBTi Method: Supplier Engagement

Supplier engagement - Decathlon and Zalando are among the brands that want to ensure a set % of suppliers (by spend or emissions) adopt their own SBTs within 5 years. You can set this target with your top suppliers in terms of production volumes, and combine it with an absolute contraction or intensity target, to reach a minimum coverage of 67% of scope 3 emissions. 

• Boundary: Must apply to a relevant Scope 3 category (e.g., purchased goods & services, logistics).
• Coverage: Must cover ≥67% (two-thirds) of scope 3 emissions when combined with other scope 3 targets.
• Metric: Coverage can be based on emissions or spend, but if spend is used, you must prove it represents ≥67% of emissions. (A fashion brand spends €100 million per year on purchased goods & services. To meet the requirement, it must ensure that suppliers representing at least €67 million of that spend adopt validated SBTs.)
• Timeframe: Selected suppliers must set their own SBTs within 5 years of your target approval.
• Ambition: Supplier targets must be aligned with SBTi-approved pathways (1.5°C or 

Science-Based Targets Initiative and Progressive Business Models 

In the Apparel & Footwear Sector Guidance, SBTi recognizes secondhand, repair, and rental models as examples of circular business models. It notes that these models must still be included in Scope 3 accounting and intensity targets, since they are part of the company’s product or service portfolio. 

For example:

• Secondhand products: If resold items are part of the catalog, they count as product units in physical intensity targets. Since they have little or no new material impact, they can lower the emissions per unit sold. For companies that measure growth by total revenue, secondhand sales can help increase revenue without increasing emissions, since the income comes from reselling existing products rather than manufacturing new ones.
• Repair services: Spare parts are treated as separate purchased products, each carrying its own emissions (e.g., if a brand offers a resoling service for shoes, only the new sole is included in the footprint – not the entire shoe).
• Rental and subscription models: These must be included in the Scope 3 inventory, typically under downstream leased assets. While they can reduce the need for new production, the methodology for quantifying their emission impact is still being developed and not yet standardized under SBTi.
  

Offsets in SBTi

The use of offsets is not counted as an emission reduction toward the progress of companies’ science-based targets. The SBTi requires that companies set targets based on emission reductions through direct action within their own operations or their value chains. Offsets are considered to be an option only for companies wanting to finance additional emission reductions beyond their science-based targets.

Should Fashion Brands Set Separate Targets From the Group?

It is generally recommended that only the parent company submit targets. However, subsidiaries may set their own targets if they choose to. When both a parent company and its subsidiaries have targets, they must clearly disclose whether the parent company’s target includes or excludes the subsidiary’s emissions to avoid double-counting.

Example: Both Arc'teryx and its parent company, Amer Sports Corporation, have validated SBTi targets.

SBTi Submission Portal

SBTi Services’ online Validation Portal is where companies register, commit, and submit their science-based targets for review and approval. Brands submit targets through the SBTi Target Validation Portal, providing:

• Company details – legal name, sector, revenue, and contact information.
• GHG inventory – latest Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions data and base year.
• Target information – target years, reduction methods (absolute, intensity, or supplier engagement), and ambition level (1.5°C or well-below 2°C).
• Supporting documents – GHG inventory reports, organizational boundary definition, and relevant calculations or assumptions.

After submission, SBTi’s Technical Team reviews the data for consistency with the official criteria.

Save Hours on SBTi Submission

Preparing an SBTi submission can take hours of manual work – finding the right data, answering detailed methodology questions, and compiling documentation. With Carbonfact, everything you need is already centralized, calculated, and ready to submit in one platform.

Platform: by consolidating all data, models and targets, Carbonfact automatically generates an editable submission report for SBTi.

Service: our team helps you finalize the SBTi submission materials and supports you hands-on through the submission process.⁠⁠​

Learn more about Carbonfact’s SBTi Software

Apparel and Footwear: Regular Submission vs. SME Submission

Regular SBTi target submission requires companies to first sign a Commitment Letter and then submit their carbon accounting results from the baseline year and science-based targets within 16 months. The submission must include Scope 1, 2 & 3 emissions and targets.

There is a streamlined track for SMEs to set their targets. Only Scope 1 & 2 emissions and targets need to be submitted for near-term goals. However, SMEs must commit to measuring and reduce their scope 3 emissions by publicly disclosing the target (e.g., via CPD).

Regular SBTi submission costs significantly more than SME submission: $14,500 vs. $2,000. Companies are eligible to use the SME route if they:

• Have < 10,000 tCO2e across scope 1 and location-based scope 2 emissions
• Are not classified in the Financial Institution (FI) Sector or Oil & Gas (O&G) Sector
• Are not required to set targets using sector-specific criteria (such as the Sectoral Decarbonization Approaches) developed by the SBTi (see the SBTi's sector guidance documents for requirements)
• Are not a subsidiary of a parent company whose combined businesses fall into the standard validation route

And three or more are true:

• Employ <250 employees*
• Turnover of <€50 million*
• Total assets of <€25 million*
• Are not in a mandatory Forest, Land and Agriculture (FLAG) sector

Here are some examples:

• Snocks GmbH (SME): commits to reducing scope 1 and scope 2 GHG emissions 42% by 2030 from a 2022 base year, and to measure and reduce its scope 3 emissions. Snocks GmbH commits to reaching net-zero by 2045. As part of this, Snocks GmbH commits to reducing scope 1+2+3 emissions 90% by 2045 from a 2022 base year.

• A.P.C. (Atelier de Production et de Création): commits to reducing scope 1 and scope 2 GHG emissions by 42% by 2030 from a 2022 base year, and to measure and reduce its scope 3 emissions.

• Everlane: commits to reducing scope 1 and scope 2 GHG emissions by 46% by 2030 from a 2019 base year, and to measure and reduce its scope 3 emissions. Everlane commits to reaching net-zero by 2050. As part of this, Everlane commits to reducing scope 1+2+3 emissions 90% by 2050 from a 2019 base year.

Should SBTi Targets Be Communicated Publicly?

Yes. Within 6 months of submission, you must publicly disclose the target you set. After that, every year you need to publish both your GHG footprint and your progress toward the targets. If targets are recalculated or updated, those changes should also be explained transparently.

Where to disclose: There are no specific requirements regarding where the inventory should be disclosed, as long as it is public. Recommendations include annual reports, sustainability reports, the company’s website, and/or CDP’s annual questionnaire.

Example from Nike’s FY24 Impact Report

When Should Clothing Brands Recalculate the Baseline Emissions?

Once targets are in place, maintaining their relevance over time is essential. According to SBTi guidelines, re-baselining becomes necessary when significant organizational or operational changes occur that could affect the validity and consistency of existing targets. Companies should re-baseline when:

According to the SBTi guidelines, companies should re-baseline when:

• Scope 3 emissions become 40 percent or more of aggregated scopes 1, 2, and 3 emissions.
• Emissions exclusions in the inventory or target boundary change significantly.
• Significant changes in company structure and activities (e.g., acquisitions, divestitures, mergers, insourcing or outsourcing, shifts in goods or service offerings).
• Adjustments to the base-year inventory or changes in data used to set targets, such as growth projections, occur (e.g., discovery of significant errors or a number of cumulative errors that are collectively significant). This could often happen when changing consultants, platforms or methodology.
• Other significant changes to projections or assumptions used in setting the science-based targets.

The SBTi recommends recalculating targets if there is a 5% or greater change in an organization's total base year emissions or in the emissions covered within a target boundary.

Curious to see how leading brands are communicating the change of baseline emissions in their impact reports? Read our article on rebaselining for apparel and footwear here.

When Should the SBTi Targets Be Revalidated?

All SBTi targets must be reviewed at least every 5 years to stay aligned with the latest climate science and SBTi criteria.

Additionally, a company must recalculate its target if one of the following triggers arises:

• Scope 3 emissions become 40 percent or more of aggregated scopes 1, 2, and 3 emissions
• There are major structural changes (mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, big outsourcing/insourcing).
• The base-year inventory or key data/projections change significantly (e.g., discovery of large errors or switching methodologies).
• Emissions previously excluded (>5% allowance) become significant.
• Any other change makes the target inconsistent with the latest climate science or SBTi criteria.

If recalculation is needed (e.g., due to structural changes or new data), targets might also be revalidated and resubmitted under the most recent SBTi criteria, if the ambition level no longer matches minimum requirements.

Can the SBTi Commitment Be Removed?

Once a fashion company publicly commits to set science-based targets – by joining the SBTi through the Commitment Letter – the commitment is considered public and permanent.

However, there are a few specific situations where SBTi will remove or update a company’s status on its website:

1. If the company fails to submit targets within 24 months of signing the commitment letter, its status changes from “Committed” to “Removed”.
2. If a company merges, restructures, or ceases to exist, its listing may be archived or updated.
3. If targets expire (past the 5-year validation window) and are not revalidated, the company’s status may change to “Commitment removed / target expired.”

Otherwise, companies cannot voluntarily withdraw or delete their SBTi commitment once published.

What are the expected changes from SBTi Net-Zero Version 1.3 to Version 2.0?

You can find the official SBTi guidance for the Apparel & Footwear industry here. Version 2.0 is in public consultation and will be used only to set targets from 2027 and onwards. Target setting in 2025 and 2026 will be using the current version 1.3. Targets with version 1.3 set before 2027 will remain valid until their target year. The main changes are summarized in the table below:

SBTi FLAG and Why It Matters for Apparel and Footwear Brands

SBTi’s Forest, Land and Agriculture (FLAG) guidance is a new framework that requires companies to measure and set precise reduction targets for their FLAG-related emissions in addition to their energy/industry SBTs.

In apparel and footwear companies, FLAG emissions originate largely from Scope 3, specifically Purchased Goods & Services, stemming from the production of natural fibers like cotton, leather, and wool. If your business has already set SBTs, then you will be required to set a FLAG SBT if 20% or more of your Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions are derived from FLAG sources. In other words, a large percentage of apparel and footwear brands.

Learn all about SBTi FLAG for apparel and footwear in our blog here.

What Happens if You Don’t Achieve Your Targets?

There are no direct penalties from the SBTi if a company falls short of its reduction pathway. However, missing targets carries significant risks: companies can be flagged as “off track,” which may damage credibility with investors, customers, and NGOs, and result in lower ESG ratings. 

Targets must also be reviewed every five years, so persistent gaps may require resubmitting updated targets under the latest SBTi criteria. In practice, failing to stay on track undermines trust and momentum – making it harder to secure supplier engagement (“Why would we invest our time to find emissions data if you’re not sticking to your target”), investment, and internal buy-in for future climate action.

About Carbonfact

At Carbonfact, we see firsthand how apparel and footwear companies approach the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi). Across our customer base, more than 30% are already on their SBTi journey – whether they’re setting baselines, defining reduction pathways, or submitting targets for validation. 

Scope 1 & 2 reduction strategies can be relatively straightforward, such as switching to 100% renewable electricity. But 90–95% of emissions for apparel and footwear brands sit in Scope 3 – which is complex, requiring both granular data and expert guidance. This is where Carbonfact supports companies from two sides:

• Software – our platform centralizes product-level data across all suppliers and materials, enabling brands to:
  
  • Build complete Scope 1, 2, and 3 inventories in line with GHG Protocol.
  • Track emissions at the level of product, material, supplier, factory, or geography.
  • Model scenarios (e.g., material switches, supplier changes, renewable energy adoption) to test reduction levers.
  • Monitor progress against SBTi targets and generate compliant reporting inputs.

• Services – our SBTi experts provide hands-on support to:
  • Guide you through baseline definition and target-setting.
  • Validate your chosen reduction pathway and co-create a roadmap.
  • Co-create the SBTi submission report.
  • Support responses to SBTi’s follow-up questions during validation.
  • Provide ongoing advice to keep targets on track and aligned with business growth.

SBTi Glossary: Core Terms

Absolute contraction – One of the approved methods for setting science-based targets. It requires reducing total greenhouse gas emissions by a fixed annual rate, regardless of business growth. This method is required for Scope 1 and 2 targets and can also be used for Scope 3.

Baseline emissions – A baseline year is the starting point against which a company measures its greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. It represents the company’s emissions in a chosen reference year. It should represent typical business activity and use the most recent, complete, and reliable data.

FLAG target – A target for Forestry, Land Use and Agriculture emissions, required for materials like cotton, wool, and leather.

GHG emissions – greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) released into the atmosphere from activities like manufacturing, energy use, and transportation. These gases trap heat and are measured in tonnes of CO₂ equivalent (tCO₂e) to show their combined impact on global warming.

Intensity target – One of the approved methods for setting Scope 3 science-based targets. Cutting emissions per unit of product (physical) or per € of value added (economic). Even though performance is measured per unit, the overall result must still show a real decrease in total (absolute) emissions over time.

Long-term net-zero target – A deep-reduction goal (~90% by 2050 or earlier) required to reach corporate net zero.

Near-term target – A 5-10 year target (2030–2035) that drives immediate emission reductions.

Offsets – Carbon credits used to compensate for emissions outside a company’s reduction boundary. Offsets do not count toward science-based targets – they are only used after achieving deep reductions to neutralize residual emissions.

Re-baselining – The process of updating the baseline year emissions data and targets when major structural or data changes occur, ensuring consistency with the latest SBTi criteria.

Residual emissions – The small share of unavoidable emissions left after all feasible reductions, which must be neutralized through permanent removals.

Scope 1 emissions – Direct emissions from owned or controlled sources such as factories or vehicles.

Scope 2 emissions – Indirect emissions from purchased electricity, heating, or cooling.

Scope 3 emissions – All other indirect emissions in the value chain – from raw materials to transport, use, and end-of-life.

Supplier engagement target – A Scope 3 target setting method requiring suppliers covering at least 67% of emissions (by spend or emissions) to set their own SBTs within 5 years.

Target boundary – Defines which operations, subsidiaries, and emission sources are included within the company’s science-based target. Must align with the company’s GHG inventory boundary.